The Myth Of The Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria

The essay â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† by Judith Ortiz Cofer is about deprivation that Latin women go through everyday due to stereotypes that society make up. Stereotypes play a big role in the way that individuals are identified by society. Cofer describes her personal experiences of being a Latin woman, and her struggles that she has to face because of the stereotypes. Cofer tells us of some incidences that happened throughout her life. Like going to London for a summer to Oxford University, where a man sees her on a bus, drops to his knees and sings his own version of â€Å"Maria† from West Side Story. Even though she was aggravated, she tried to be calm while everyone around her were amused by the young man’s song. She describes how growing up during 1960’s in New Jersey, she suffered from â€Å"cultural schizophrenia† which meant she was forced to keep on with her heritage. Being a Latin woman you’ re raised strictly and they have high expectations. Mothers encouraged their daughters to act like mature women. Cofer explains another stereotype, such as the â€Å"hot tamale†, where woman are viewed as sexual objects. Woman are usually misinterpreted because of the way they are dressed. Some men treat Latin woman without respect. She talks about when she was at a hotel. A man approached her and began to sing the song of â€Å"Don’t Cry for Me, Argentina† in the tune of â€Å"La Bamba†. She was offended by the man’s song. People view Latin’s as house maids,Show MoreRelatedThe Myth Of The Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria Essay1830 Words   |  8 PagesIn â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria,† the incidents on the bus, in the hotel, and at the poetry involved prejudice and stereotypical misconceptions of Puerto Rican women. While Cofer was on a bus trip to Oxford University, a man â€Å"broke into an Irish tenor’s rendition of â€Å"Maria† from West Side Story† (Cofer 103). This implies that Latinas dealt with people who automatically assume that a Latina’s name is â€Å"Maria† or â€Å"Evita† based on a fictional movie. While at a hotel withRead MoreThe Myth Of The Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria868 Words   |  4 Pagessociety. â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† is a short essay in which the award winning poet and professor of English, Judith Ortiz Cofer, wishes to inform and persuade the audience that labels and stereotypes can be humiliating and hurtful. The author targets the general public, anyone that doesn’t understand that putting someone in a box because of a stereotype is wrong. Cofer starts out the essay by telling the reader a story with a drunk man who re-enacted â€Å"Maria† from theRead MoreThe Myth Of The Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria Essay1757 Word s   |  8 PagesThe articles â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† written by Juthish Oriz Cofer and â€Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack† by Peggy McIntosh are two essays covering the topic of race and gender. With a focus on privilege and race, one may assume that these two articles say the same thing, while in reality that is not true. As McIntosh and Cofer come from two different backgrounds and social standing, the authors offer two very unique views on the subject matterRead MoreComparing Mairs And The Myth Of A Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria1328 Words   |  6 PagesWe tend to identify them based on their appearance, rather than who or how they are as people. We are often unaware of the impacts our labels have on these people. In the essay â€Å" On being a cripple† by Nancy Mairs and â€Å" The Myth of a Latin woman : I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† by Judith Ortiz Cofer, the writers have s uccessfully portrayed the feelings that arise in people’s mind based on the way they are identified. In both the essays, the writers tell us how they have been incorrectly labeled and

Egoism Or Utilitarianism, Which Do You Prefer - 1151 Words

Critical Essay Egoism or Utilitarianism, which do you prefer? Well maybe the question should be, are either of them decent choices or maybe we need to think a little harder and come up with a better system. I will tell you about two of the people that stand for these philosophies, their ideas of the philosophy and some of the challenges that may be made against them. In the end I will let you know which one I think is a better system or maybe I will choose that neither of them will make work and I will have to explain what I think is a better system. John Stuart Mill What do we do that make our actions right or wrong? Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, and wrong as they tend to create the opposite of happiness. John regarded happiness as pleasure and absence of pain. He also believed that the quality and quantity of pleasure can be different because they are expressed differently. He believed that if we used higher expectations that the experience would be more pleasurable than the experience that those had that used little or no expectations. An example of this could be someone that got their happiness from getting into the nursing program and getting their RN degree, rather than the happiness that someone gets from sitting on the couch being lazy, of course this is an example from today’s time, and not the time that Mill lived and wrote his books and moral philosophy’s. Utilitarianism is fair because it is said to treat everyoneShow MoreRelatedWhy Utilitarianism Is The Best Moral Theory1994 W ords   |  8 Pagescurrently studying the following theories: Intuitionism, Egoism, Utilitarianism, Divine Command Theory, Virtue Ethics, Cultural Relativism, Moral Nihilism, Ethics of Caring, Kantian Ethics and Social Contract Theory. I’ve read each one of them and have noticed their flaws. I was impressed with utilitarianism, which shows the most logically believed theory. I have no doubt utilitarianism is the best moral theory. I chose to defend utilitarianism because it has a major influence on the types of assessmentRead MoreEthics Is The Branch Of Study Dealing With Social Principles3917 Words   |  16 Pagesethical relativism, egoism, utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, virtue ethics, and ethics of care, social contract theory, divine command, and intuitionism. None of those theories is without imperfection. I have noticed their flaws but was impressed with utilitarianism, which shows the most logically believed theory. I chose to describe and to defend utilitarianism. Comparing utilitarianism to intuition, egoism, Kant ethics, and other theories so far, I have no doubt utilitarianism is the best moral theoryRead MoreEssay about Utilitarianism: Explanation And Study of Criticisms3046 Words   |  13 PagesUtilitarianism: Explanation And Study of Criticisms The dictionary definition of Utilitarianism is: The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principal of conduct. When making a moral decision, we should look at the outcome of an action. Whatever brings the greatest happiness to the most people is the morally right decision. It is a consequentialist principal where the majority rules. It is also relative as each situationRead MoreEgoism : Decision On Selling The Plant2473 Words   |  10 PagesEgoism – Decision on selling the plant in Wisconsin To begin, the first ethical theory that will be discussed is Egoism. As stated by Weber, an egoist is an individual that assumes a narrow focus of analysis – the self – and may consider either the probable consequences of the self or evoke a personal set of ethics (Weber 2015). Moreover, since egoists focus on themselves, they do not ponder the consideration of others in regards to their decision-making. While coming to decisions, consequencesRead MoreEssay on Ethical Law Enforcement1364 Words   |  6 Pageswas driving and also a domestic violence call. The main issue is that the officers decided to give the husband a sobriety test and that was not supposed to happen since they didn’t see him driving the vehicle. 2. What are the most important facts? Which facts have the most bearing on the ethical decision presented? Include any important potential economic, social, or political pressures, and exclude inconsequential facts. The officers gave the husband a sobriety test, they also gave the husband aRead MoreThe Csr Evaluation of Gap Inc.2143 Words   |  9 Pagessubsidiary in Saipan. The decision to use child labor and sweatshop in Saipan was made by the management of Gap Inc. that could either be seen as egoism or utilitarianism (Smith, 2004). On one hand, on the egoism perspective, Gap Inc. could have decided to use child and sweatshop labor to cut its costs and maximize its profits. On the other hand, on the utilitarianism perspective, Gap’s decision to use child and sweatshop labor, cruel and ethical as it might seem, provided the people in Saipan a source ofRead MoreEthics, Privacy in the Workplace2391 Words   |  10 Pagesthe economically booming 1960’s and early 1970’s; of how people would walk into a workplace in the morning and get a job straight away or within a couple of days jobseeking. Resumes, application letters and application forms were unheard of unless you were applying for a professional level position. As competition for jobs increased in the mid 1970’s and early 1980’s more and more selection tools were required when hiring new staff. Resume’s detailing training, past employment and referees assistedRead MoreApplication of Ethical Theories12285 Words   |  50 PagesThe role of ethical theories is less dominant in the field of ethical decision making. Only a few ethical decision-making models rely directly on ethical theories. One example is Hunt and Vitells (1986) ethical decision making model according to which the evaluation phase of a decision-making process is carried out through a combination of utilitarian and deontological assessments. Some ethical decisionmaking models keep ethical theories in the background, implying that the theories are reflectedRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Moral Philosophy2217 Words   |  9 Pages‘wrong’ one), morals and ethics are more complicated than what we perceive it to be at first glance. For example, who decides which of the two is the more morally ‘correct’ option? What one perceives to be the ‘right’ option, may be an incorrect option to another person. So which person is morally correct? We can now clearly see how subjective morals and ethics can be. Although you may now come to the conclusion that there is no right option, and that the morally correct option is simply an opinion, variousRead MoreEthics And Law : Ethics1806 Words   |  8 Pagesethics is a subset of ethics and there are no differences between the two, immoral acts are immoral, no matter who committed them. Personal morals and ethics vary greatly and there are many different ethical theories such as deontology utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and more. These different theories have dif ferent views on what is considered moral (right) and immoral (wrong). Due to people having different views, the government had to establish laws to prevent unethical business practices. In order

In the play “Twelfth Night” Shakespeare bases the plot around a variety of different themes Free Essays

In the play ‘Twelfth Night’, Shakespeare bases the plot around a variety of different themes. The themes of disguise, music, loss and death are subtly introduced, however, the main theme of love is dramatically introduced by Orsino’s first line; ‘If music be the food of love play on’. As well as using a variety of themes, ‘Twelfth Night’ incorporates the different kinds of love that can have an effect on people. We will write a custom essay sample on In the play â€Å"Twelfth Night† Shakespeare bases the plot around a variety of different themes or any similar topic only for you Order Now These types of love range from brotherly love to instantaneous love and from unrequited love to impossible love. The use of the theme of love enables almost everybody to relate to events in the play. Love evokes a number of emotions and is a main ingredient, which brings comedy into the play. In Act 1:1 we see Olivia’s reaction to the death of her brother. Olivia takes grieving very seriously; ‘†¦she hath abjured herself from the sight and company of men’, and takes a vow of chastity. She plans to mourn her brother for seven years and she hides herself from the world; ‘But like a cloisters she will veilà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d walk’. Olivia chooses to dwell on her loss and her strict mourning period could be seen as selfish as life must go on. However, Olivia uses her brother’s death to shut herself away from life. In Act 1:5 Feste tries to prove Olivia a fool for taking her mourning period to such an extent. Feste cleverly tells Olivia that her brother’s soul is in hell. She protests and insists that his soul is in heaven; Feste then uses his quick-witted nature and says; ‘The more fool madonna, to mourn for your brother’s soul being in heaven†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Another example of brotherly love is shown when we meet Viola after the shipwreck in Act 1:2. She too ‘suffers the loss’ of a beloved brother but unlike Olivia, Viola takes decisive action following his apparent death. She reacts sensibly and practically to a traumatic situation. She desperately wants her brother to be alive; ‘O my poor brother! And so perchance may he be!’. However she realises that she must react calmly and productively to get by in life; ‘I’ll serve this Duke†¦.’. Viola’s love for Sebastian makes her determined and persistent to carry on. In Act 2:1 we see Sebastian’s caring nature and his mourning for his sister; ‘She is drownà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d already, sir, with salt water though I seem to drown her remembrance again with more’. Sebastian shows intense feelings of love and the desire to be reunited with his sister. When he sees Viola dressed as Cesario, he says if she were a woman; ‘I should let tears fall upon your cheek, And say, ‘Thrice welcome, drownà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d Viola’. Viola’s determination and Sebastian’s deeply affectionate feelings towards his sister depict the closeness between he siblings. Instantaneous love is the most frequent type of love experienced by the characters throughout the play. In Act 1:1 we learn how Orsino fell in love with Olivia from a distance; ‘When mine eyes did first see Olivia first, me thought she purged the air of pestilence’. This sighting of Olivia puts Orsino in a melodramatic, melancholy, lovesick mood. These feelings, however, start to eat away at him. Here he uses food imagery, ‘If music be the food of love play on’ and also shows his changeable fickle character when he says, ‘Enough; no more. ‘Tis not so sweet now as it was before.’ This could also mean that if he has too much of a good thing, i.e. love, he will become sick of it and stop loving Olivia. Orsino can’t express his feelings for Olivia and it is not long before we find that Olivia is actually in love with Viola/Cesario. We know that this is instantaneous love because Viola is dressed as a man, and she has fallen for his appearance. It is evident that Olivia likes Viola/Cesario because she takes off her veil, ‘†¦in the sight and company’ of a ‘man’, when he/she comes to woo her for Orsino. She tells Viola/Cesario that she cannot love Orsino and says, ‘Let him no more-unless you come to me again.’ Here she tells Orsino to stop wooing her, unless he is to send Viola/Cesario to do so. Olivia does not comprehend how it is possible to fall in love so quickly; ‘Even so quickly may one catch the plague?’. ‘To creep in at mine eyes’ could also indicate love at first sight. Desperate to see Viola/Cesario again, Olivia sends Malvolio after the youth, telling him; ‘He left this ring behind him’. It is in Act 2:2when Malvolio confronts Viola with the ring, Viola realises that Olivia loves her; ‘She loves me sure; the cunning of her passion, Invites me in this churlish messenger.’ Instantaneous love is also introduced when Olivia and Sebastian meet, when she tries to prevent Sir Toby from drawing sword on whom she believes to be Cesario. Sebastian immediately falls in love with Olivia; ‘If it be thus a dream, still let me sleep!’ and despite her calling him Cesario, agrees to marry her. Although Orsino loves Olivia for her outward appearance he also falls for Cesario’s inner character. He appreciates Viola/Cersario’s trustworthy character and after only a short period of time a strong bond ahs between the two; ‘I have unclasped to thee my secret soul’. In Act 1:5 Orsino comments on Viola’s womanly attributes and nature; ‘Diana’s lip is not more smooth and rubious; thy small pipe is as the maiden’s organ shrill and sound’. This is a good example of irony as Orsino is not yet aware that Viola/Cesario is actually a woman. After spending much time alone with Orsino, Viola falls in love. Her feelings start to fester, as she can’t express her love due to her disguise; ‘But let concealment like a worm i’th’ bud Feed on her damask cheek’. Viola is very subtle about her feelings towards Orsino yet she cleverly and indirectly tells him that she loves him; ‘As it may be perhaps, were I a woman, I should your lordship.’ It is in Act 5:1 that Viola openly declares her love for Orsino. Orsino angrily leaves and Viola follows telling Olivia that she is going; ‘After him I love, more than I love these eyes, more than my life. ‘ This explicit declaration of love comes despite Viola being disguised as a man. She also declares her love implicitly in the ‘willow cabin’ speech in Act 1:5 during, which she expresses the passion and rawness in the love that she has for Orsino. Impossible/forbidden love is also featured in the play. In Act 1:3 Sir Andrew tells of how he plans to woo Olivia but worries; ‘Your niece will not be seen, or if she be, it’s four to one, she’ll none of me’. Sir Toby, then, misleadingly says to Sir Andrew; ‘Tut there’s life in’t man.’ Here Sit Toby is telling Sir Andrew where there is life there is hope. Sir Andrew does not realise when people are taking advantage of his gullibility to make him the butt of their jokes. In Act 3:2 Sir Toby persuades Sir Andrew to challenge Viols/Cesario to a duel in order to impress Olivia; ‘there is no love-broker in the world can more prevail in mans commendation with woman that report valour.’ In a final attempt to woo Olivia Sir Andrew agrees to the duel with Cesario. This is an example of irony, as we know his attempts will not be triumphant as Olivia is in love with Cesario. Malvolio also has feelings for Olivia but his feelings are for selfish motives; ‘To be count Malvolio!’ Here Malvolio dreams of marrying Olivia even though he is merely a steward. He then says ;’There is example for it: the Lady of the Strachy married the yeoman of the wardrobe.’ He says this to justify his dreams and to make himself believe that he will have a chance of ‘love’ with Olivia. He is gulled into feeling that he in fact does have a chance with Olivia when Maria leaves a fraudulent letter ‘from Olivia’. Malvolio’s self-love allows him to assure himself that Olivia did in fact write the letter and that she does love him. Malvolio doesn’t need much persuading and he immediately sets about following the letters instructions; ‘He’s in yellow stockings’ which are ‘most villainously cross gartered.’ It seems that Malvolio ‘does obey every point of the letter’, showing his foolish, self-absorbed nature. We, again, know that Malvolio doesn’t have a chance of happiness with Olivia, not only because she is in love with Cesario but also because he is ‘merely a steward’. One of the more successful relationships that develops from friendship to love is that between Sir Toby and Maria. In the earlier scenes of the play we see the flourishing relationship between the two. They subtly show their feelings to one another throughout the play. This is evident whilst they indulge in verbal banter. Maria makes their early friendship obvious when she tells how she worries about Toby’s luxurious lifestyle; ‘That drinking and quaffing will undo you’. Toby, however, expresses his feelings in a more crude way; ‘board her, woe her, assail her’. The formulating plan to ‘gull’ Malvolio strengthens Maria and Toby’s relationship; ‘I could marry that wench for this device’. Toby refers to Maria using comic comparisons, ‘she is a beagle true bred’ and ‘good night Penthesila’, commenting on her diminutive size. In Act 2:5 Toby greet Maria with; ‘How now, my metal of India?’ proving that he thinks highly of her, comparing her to pure gold. We see how far their relationship has progressed when in Act 5:1 Fabian informs the characters; ‘Maria writ the letter, at Sir Toby’s great importance, In recompense whereof he hath married her’. The most memorable example of love in the play is that of Orsino’s for Viola. Not only does the idea of a man falling for ‘another man’ add comedy value to the play, it also provides some touching heart rendering scenes. Many of these scenes evoke sympathy towards Viola as she can’t express her returned feeling for Orsino due to her disguise; ‘my father had a daughter loved a man as it might be perhaps, where I a woman I should your lordship’. In Twelfth Night the theme of love brings comedy to the play and evokes a number of feelings such a sympathy, wonder, confusion and of course laughter. It also confronts issues, which many people can relate to, making Twelfth Night a fun and memorable play. How to cite In the play â€Å"Twelfth Night† Shakespeare bases the plot around a variety of different themes, Papers

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Nuh-poh-lee-uhn} Essay Napoleon I, known as Napoleon Bonaparte before he became emperor, was probably the most brilliant military figure in history. Rising to command of the French Revolutionary armies, he seized political power as first consul in 1799 and proclaimed himself emperor in 1804. By repeated victories over various European coalitions, he extended French rule over much of Europe. He was finally defeated in 1814-15. Early LifeNapoleon was born on Aug. 15, 1769, to Carlo and Letizia Buonaparte (see BONAPARTE family) at Ajaccio, Corsica. His father secured a scholarship for him to attend French military school at Brienne (1779-84). Ostracized as a foreigner, he devoted himself entirely to his studies and graduated 42d in his class of 58. He then spent a year at the Military Academy in Paris before he was commissioned (1785) a second lieutenant in artillery. Assigned to the Valence garrison, he spent more than half of the next 7 years on furlough in Corsica, often without authorization. He came into conflict with the Corsican nationalist Pasquale PAOLI, and his family was forced to flee to Marseille in 1793. Bonaparte had welcomed the beginning of the FRENCH REVOLUTION in 1789, and in September 1793 he assumed command of an artillery brigade at the siege of Toulon, where royalist leaders had welcomed a British fleet and enemy troops. The British were driven out (Dec. 17, 1793), and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion to general of brigade and assigned to the French army in Italy in February 1794. After the overthrow of the revolutionary leader Maximilien ROBESPIERRE in July 1794, Bonaparte was briefly imprisoned because he was identified with Robespierres faction. Released in September, he was assigned to fight a rebellion in the Vendee. He refused to go, however, working instead in the topographic section of the army, and eventually his name was stricken (Sept. 15, 1795) from the list of general officers. On Oct. 5, 1795 (13 Vendemiaire under the Revolutionary calendar), a revolt broke out in Paris, protesting the means of implementing the new constitution introduced by the National Convention. Paul BARRAS, who had been given full military powers, ordered Bonaparte to defend the convention, and aided by Joachim MURATs cannons, he routed the insurrectionists within four months. Bonaparte was rewarded by the new government, the DIRECTORY, with appointment (March 1796) as commander of the Army of the Interior. Before taking up that post he married (March 9) JOSEPHINE de Beauharnais, the 33-year-old widow of a republican general and erstwhile lover of a series of men, including Barras. Italian and Egyptian CampaignsLate in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of operations to divide and defeat the Austrian and Sardinian armies in Italy. He defeated (April 21) the Sardinians at Mondovi (April 21), forcing them to conclude a separate peace by which Savoy and Nice were ceded to France. Then, in a series of brilliant maneuvers and battles, he won Lombardy fro m the Austrians. Mantua, the last Lombard stronghold, fell in February 1797 after a prolonged siege; Bonaparte had defeated four attempts to relieve the siege. As he crossed the Alps to advance on Vienna, the Austrians sued for an armistice, which was concluded at Leoben on Apr. 18, 1797. Bonaparte then personally negotiated the Treaty of CAMPO FORMIO (Oct. 17, 1797), ending the war of the First Coalition, the first phase of the FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS. In addition to attending to his military operations in Italy, Bonaparte engaged in political affairs. He reorganized northern Italy to create (1797) the Cisalpine Republic and negotiated treaties with various Italian rulers. He also purloined invaluable Italian works of art and vast quantities of money, which were sent to Paris to enhance French museums and to bolster French finances. On his return to Paris, the Directory proposed that Bonaparte invade England. Instead he urged the occupation of Egypt in order to threaten British I ndia. On May 19, 1798, he sailed with an army of more than 35,000 troops on 350 vessels for Alexandria, Egypt. After seizing Malta en route, he reached Egypt on July 1, after evading the fleet of the British admiral Horatio NELSON. There he occupied Alexandria and Cairo, guaranteed Islamic law, and began to reorganize the government. On August 1, however, Nelson attacked and annihilated the French fleet at Abukir Bay. Thus cut off from France, Bonaparte continued his administrative reorganization and helped create the Institute of Egypt, a scholarly institution that began the methodical study of ancient Egypt. This study resulted in the publication of the monumental 18-volume Description dEgypte (1808-25). In February 1799, Bonaparte learned of the Ottoman Empires declaration of war against France. To forestall a Turkish attack on Egypt he invaded Syria but was halted at Acre by Turkish troops under British command. Suffering from the plague, the French army returned to Cairo in Jun e. In the meantime French forces in Europe were being defeated by the armies of the Second Coalition, and Bonaparte resolved to return to France. He sailed on Aug. 24, 1799. First ConsulOn Bonapartes arrival in Paris on October 14, he joined Emmanuel SIEYES in a conspiracy to overthrow the Directory. On November 9 (18 Brumaire), Bonaparte was appointed commander of the Paris garrison, the legislative assemblies were moved from Paris to Saint Cloud, and the five Directory members resigned. The following day Bonaparte, aided by his brother Lucien, used troops to disperse the assemblies and accepted appointment as one of three consuls, with Sieyes and Pierre Roger Ducos. Despite Sieyess plans to dominate the CONSULATE, Bonaparte gained the position of first consul. He appointed the members of the council of state, government officials, and judges of the courts, but he had little control over the Legislative Corps. The Consulate guaranteed law and order and maintained the political and social accomplishments of the revolution. Behind a democratic facade, however, Bonaparte concentrated power in his own hands. During the rule of the Consulate more formidable legislation was completed than in any other comparable period in French history. Order and regularity were established in every branch of the government. Bonaparte centralized local government, appointing the prefects and mayors and their councils; he pacified the rebellious regions of France and reconciled the royalists; he actively participated in drawing up the NAPOLEONIC CODE, a complete codification of the civil law; he initiated (1801) the CONCORDAT with Pope PIUS VII, which reestablished Roman Catholicism in France; and he created (1802) the order of the Legion of Honor to reward civil and military merit. Bonaparte also consolidated the national debt, restored the value of French bonds, balanced the budget, established the Bank of France, and centralized equitable tax collection. He created the Society f or the Encouragement of National Industry and undertook vast public works projects. By creating the Universite de France, in effect a state licensing body for teachers, he brought the entire system of higher education under centralized state control. His concern with cultural grandeur was also reflected in the enlargement of the LOUVRE, the transformation of the Hotel Soubise into the Archives Nationales, and the construction of neoclassical buildings around Paris. These internal achievements were balanced by the restoration of French supremacy abroad. In June 1800, Bonaparte defeated the Austrians at Marengo, Italy. Peace with Austria was concluded in the Treaty of Luneville (Feb. 9, 1801), and a year later the Treaty of Amiens (Mar. 27, 1802; see AMIENS, TREATY OF) ended war with Britain. In acknowledgment of his achievements, Bonaparte was recognized by plebiscite as consul for life on Aug. 2, 1802. With peace restored, Bonaparte extended French influence into Holland (the Batavi an Republic), Switzerland (the Helvetic Republic), and Savoy-Piedmont, which was annexed to France; he played the major role in the Imperial Recess (1803), by which the free cities and minor states of the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE were consolidated; and he attempted to extend the French colonial empire, principally by recovering Haiti (see LOUISIANA PURCHASE). As a result of these policies and his refusal to grant trade concessions to Britain, war was renewed in 1803. Bonaparte organized an army of 170,000 to invade Britain, but his complex strategy to draw the British fleets away from Britain failed. Meanwhile, Austria also prepared to resume war, forcing Bonaparte to abandon his invasion plans. Any hope of a future invasion was ended when the British admiral Nelson destroyed most of the Franco-Spanish fleet in the Battle of TRAFALGAR on Oct. 21, 1805. EmperorIn February 1804 a British-financed plot to assassinate Bonaparte was uncovered by the former police minister Joseph FOUCHE (who rec overed his job as a result of this discovery). Of the leading conspirators, Jean Charles PICHEGRU died in prison, Jean Victor MOREAU fled the country, and Georges Cadoudal was executed. Another victim was the duc dEnghien, a Bourban-Conde prince who was kidnapped from the German state of Baden and executed in France. In the wake of these events, which revived royalist hostility, the Senate petitioned Bonaparte to establish a hereditary dynasty. On Dec. 2, 1804, therefore, Napoleon crowned himself emperor in a ceremony presided over by Pope Pius VII. Napoleon created a titled court that included many of his statesmen and generals as well as ex-royalists. Believing that family ties were more durable than treaties, in the next few years he placed members of his family on the thrones of several satellite statesNaples, Holland, Westphalia, and Spainand married his relatives to some of the most distinguished families in Europe. Dynastic considerations also caused Bonaparte to divorce Jose phine in 1809 because she had borne him no male heir. He then married (Apr. 2, 1810) Marie Louise, daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis I; within a year a son, the king of Rome, was born. In 1805, Britain organized the Third Coalition against France, but Napoleons new Grand Army swept through Germany into Austria destroying both Austrian and Russian armies at Ulm and AUSTERLITZ. Austria signed (Dec. 26, 1805) the Treaty of Pressburg, by which Venice and Dalmatia were annexed to Napoleons Kingdom of Italy, and in 1806, Napoleon organized the Confederation of the Rhine, a grouping of German states under French protection. Soon after, the Holy Roman Empire was formally dissolved. Prussia helped organize the Fourth Coalition against Napoleon late in 1806, but its forces were destroyed by Napoleon in the Battle of Jena-Auerstadt (October 1806). After defeating the Russians at Eylau (Feb. 8, 1807) and Friedland (June 14, 1807), Napoleon forced the allies to sign (July 7-9, 1807) the Treat ies of TILSIT, which resulted in the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Westphalia. Dominant in Europe, Napoleon was obsessed with Britains defiance and role as the commercial paymaster of Europe. To subdue Britain, Napoleon committed his most serious blunders. He imposed (1806) the CONTINENTAL SYSTEM, a blockade of British trade, on Europe to undermine the British economy. The refusal of Portugal to observe the blockade led to French intervention in Iberia and embroilment in the Peninsular War (see NAPOLEONIC WARS). While the Peninsular War raged, Austria mobilized and began the War of the Fifth Coalition. A series of hard-fought battles culminated in final French victory (July 5-6, 1809) at Wagram, and Austria lost Illyria and Galicia by the Treaty of Schonbrunn (Oct. 14, 1809). Although French control in Iberia was eroding by 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia on June 23-24 of that year. One major reason for the attack was the Russian refusal to accept the Contin ental System. The Russian armies withdrew, drawing Napoleon deep into Russia. Napoleon defeated them at Borodino on Sept. 7, 1812, and a week later reached Moscow. There he waited in vain for Emperor ALEXANDER Is surrender, while Russian arsonists set the city on fire. With reinforced Russian armies attacking his outlying positions and signs of winters approach, Napoleon ordered a retreat in October. Despite the deprivations suffered by his troops, the miserable weather, and the pursuing Russian army, Napoleon held the nucleus of his army together and managed to escape Russian encirclement. After crossing the Berezina River he left his ravaged army and hurried back to Paris on learning of an abortive coup in Paris by the demented general Claude Malet. After Napoleons Russian debacle the Prussians deserted their alliance with the French, and in 1813 the Sixth Coalition was formed among Prussia, Russia, Britain, and Sweden (ruled by the erstwhile Napoleonic general Bernadotte, later t o be King CHARLES XIV JOHN). Napoleon soon formed a new army and defeated the allies at Lutzen (May 2) and Bautzen (May 20-21). After a short armistice, hostilities again began in August, when Austria joined the coalition. Although Napoleon was victorious (August 26-27) at Dresden, the French were outnumbered two to one and defeated in the so-called Battle of Nations at Leipzig on October 16-19. Withdrawing across the Rhine, Napoleon refused to surrender any conquered territory, convinced that such a concession would cost him his crown in France. In 1814, France was invaded, and Napoleon again demonstrated his military genius by defeating each enemy army as it advanced on Paris. Hopelessly outnumbered he attempted to negotiate, but the allies continued to advance and took Paris on March 31. The Hundred DaysOn April 6, Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son. When the allies refused to accept this, he made his abdication unconditional on April 11. He then was exiled to the island of E LBA, where he was given sovereign power and introduced administrative, economic, and political reforms. Aware of Frances dissatisfaction over the restoration rule of the Bourbon dynasty, Napoleon decided to return to France in 1815. Landing at Cannes on March 1, he marched triumphantly through sympathetic areas of France and was greeted as the returning hero. King LOUIS XVIII fled abroad, and Napoleon occupied Paris on March 20, beginning the period called the Hundred Days. Although Napoleon proclaimed peaceful intentions, the allies, who were meeting in Vienna (see VIENNA, CONGRESS OF), immediately outlawed him and prepared for war. Before massive Russian and Austrian forces could reach France, Napoleon resolved to separate and defeat the Prussian and Anglo-Dutch armies in what is now Belgium. Despite several initial victories he was defeated by the duke of WELLINGTON and Gebhard von BLUCHER at Waterloo (see WATERLOO, BATTLE OF) on June 18, 1815. Napoleon returned to Paris, where h e abdicated for the second time on June 23. Fleeing to Aix, he surrendered to the captain of the British warship Bellerophon and was exiled to the island of SAINT HELENA. Living with his secretary and a few loyal friends, he dictated his memoirs, laying the foundation of the Napoleonic legend. He died on May 5, 1821. The Napoleonic legend was embellished by his followers in the succeeding decades of turbulent French politics. It facilitated the rise of Napoleons nephew, who eventually founded a Second Empire as Napoleon III in 1852. Allowing for the exaggerations of the legend, there remains no question that Napoleon I was a military genius. Although his ambition to dominate Europe cost France hundreds of thousands of lives, he left to that country many of the institutions that form its modern basis. His tomb in the Invalides in Paris is a national shrine. MacbethAnalysis of fear Essay